Army ant Totally Explained

Everything about Army Ant totally explained

The name army ant (or legionary ant or "Marabunta") is applied to over 200 known species, in different lineages, together characterized primarily by their aggressive predatory foraging groups, known as "raids", in which huge numbers of ants all forage simultaneously over a certain area, attacking prey en masse. They also share the habit of not constructing a permanent nest, unlike most ants, and an army ant colony moves almost incessantly over the time it exists. All species are members of the true ant family Formicidae, but there are several groups that have independently evolved the same basic behavioral and ecological syndrome. This syndrome is often referred to as "legionary behavior", and is an example of convergent evolution.

Usage, circumscription

Historically, "army ant" referred, in the broad sense, to various members of 5 different ant subfamilies: in two of these cases, the Ponerinae and Myrmicinae, it's only a few species and genera that exhibit legionary behavior; in the other three lineages, Ecitoninae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae, all of the constituent species are legionary. More recently, ant classifications now recognize an additional New World subfamily, Leptanilloidinae, which also consists of obligate legionary species, and thus is another group now included among the army ants.
A 2003 study of thirty species (by Sean Brady of Cornell University) indicates that the ecitonine and doryline army ants together formed a monophyletic group: all shared identical genetic markers that suggest a common ancestor. Brady concluded that these two groups are therefore a single lineage that evolved in the mid-Cretaceous period in Gondwana, and so the two subfamilies are now generally united into a single subfamily Ecitoninae, though this is still not universally recognized (for example ).
Accordingly, the army ants as presently recognized consist of the following genera:
Subfamily Ponerinae:

Leptogenys (some species)
Onychomyrmex
Simopelta

Subfamily Myrmicinae:

Pheidolegeton Subfamily Leptanilloidinae:

Asphinctanilloides

Leptanilloides Subfamily Leptanillinae:

Anomalomyrma

Leptanilla

Phaulomyrma

Protanilla

Yavnella Subfamily Ecitoninae:

Aenictus

Cheliomyrmex

Dorylus

Eciton

Labidus

Neivamyrmex

Nomamyrmex

Ecitoninae

Most New World army ants belong to the subfamily Ecitoninae, and this is the most commonly-known lineage, therefore bears special mention. This subfamily is further broken into two groups, the tribes Cheliomyrmecini and Ecitonini. The former contains only the genus Cheliomyrmex, and the tribe Ecitonini contains four genera, Neivamyrmex, Nomamyrmex, Labidus, and Eciton, the genus after which the group is named (Brady, 2003, Tree of Life

). The genus Neivamyrmex is the largest of all army ant genera, containing some 120 species, all in the United States. The most predominant species of Eciton is Eciton burchellii, whose common name is "army ant" and which is considered to be the archetypal species.

The Old World army ants are divided between the two tribes Aenictini and Dorylini.

The tribe Aenictini is made up of a single genus, Aenictus, that contains over 50 species of army ant.
The tribe Dorylini contains the aggressive driver ants in the genus Dorylus. There are some 60 species known.

Army ant taxonomy remains ever-changing, and genetic analysis will continue to provide more information about the relatedness of the various species.

In fiction

Carl Stephenson's 1938 short story "Leiningen Versus the Ants" concerns a massive column of army ants that threatens a Brazilian plantation. The story was adapted for an episode of the radio series Escape in 1948 and as the motion picture The Naked Jungle in 1954.

In the MacGyver episode Trumbo's World (Season 1 Episode 6), MacGyver assists a reclusive landowner in Brazil to defend his home from army ants (referred to in the show as soldier ants). The size of the ant swarm is described as being several miles long and wide. The ants kill several humans in the episode within minutes of being swarmed. They are eventually defeated by flooding the fields on Trumbo's land.

In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, a legion of unknown army ants eats several Soviet Soldiers alive, despite this behaviour not being present in reality.

Further Information

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